Meta-analysis · Urology · 2022
Pelvic floor muscle training triples the chance of continence
A systematic review of 21 studies showed that patients who undergo PFMT are almost 3 times more likely to regain continence after radical prostatectomy than those who do no pelvic exercise.
OR 2.97 (95% CI 1.28–6.91) for recovery of continence with PFMT vs. no treatment.
Park JJ et al. Efficacy of Pelvic Floor Exercise for Post-prostatectomy Incontinence: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Urology, 2022. DOI
Meta-analysis · Clinics (SP, Brazil) · 2025
Electromyographic biofeedback increases the chance of continence by 78%
A Brazilian systematic review of 16 articles and 7 randomized clinical trials concluded that EMG biofeedback combined with PFMT speeds up recovery of continence and reduces pad weight.
RR 1.78 (95% CI 1.29–2.45) for the chance of continence with EMG biofeedback.
Novais CCS et al. The impact of using electromyographic biofeedback on pelvic floor rehabilitation in men with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis. Clinics (São Paulo), 2025. DOI
Network meta-analysis · Int J Surg · 2025
A multimodal protocol is the most effective
A statistical comparison of 13 rehabilitation strategies showed that combining PFMT + biofeedback + electrical stimulation produces the greatest objective reduction in pad weight and the greatest improvement in urinary quality of life (ICIQ-UI-SF).
24-hour pad reduction: WMD –134.41 g (95% CI –187.80 to –81.02). SUCRA ranking: 93.1% for the triple protocol.
Zhao L et al. Comparative efficacy of multimodal physical therapies for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2025. DOI
Meta-analysis · Neurourol Urodyn · 2025
Physiotherapy started before surgery makes a difference at 3 months
A recent meta-analysis showed that preoperative PFMT significantly improves recovery of continence at 3 months after surgery — a critical window for returning to social and professional activities.
OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.05–2.20; p = 0.03) for continence at 3 months in patients who started PFMT before surgery.
Terzoni S et al. Preoperative Pelvic Muscle Training for Continence Recovery After Prostatectomy: Yet Another Meta-Analysis? Neurourol Urodyn, 2025. DOI
Meta-analysis · Int J Clin Pract · 2021
Supervision reduces urine leakage by up to 7 times in the first month
A cumulative analysis of 26 articles demonstrated that guided programs (with biofeedback and/or electrical stimulation) speed up objective recovery — measured by 24-hour pad weight — in the first three months after surgery.
Recovery of continence at 3 months: PFME alone 40% · Biofeedback 49% · Electrical stimulation 57% · Biofeedback + Electrical stimulation 75%.
Sciarra A et al. A biofeedback-guided programme or pelvic floor muscle electric stimulation can improve early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. Int J Clin Pract, 2021. DOI
Randomized clinical trial · Support Care Cancer · 2025
The combination “PFMT + Knack maneuver + lifestyle” is superior
A randomized study of 71 patients showed that combining classic PFMT with the Knack maneuver (pelvic contraction before exertion) and lifestyle guidance (fluid intake, weight control, reduction of bladder irritants) produces the best outcome at 8 weeks.
Significant improvement in all primary and secondary outcomes (p < 0.001) in favor of the combined protocol.
Gerlegiz ENA et al. Lifestyle recommendations and pelvic floor muscle training with Knack maneuver for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer, 2025. DOI
Full references on PubMed. International guidelines from the American Urological Association (AUA) and the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommend pelvic floor muscle training as first-line therapy for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence.